Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Victims Of A Crime - 872 Words

Victims of a crime have been a part of a serious trauma no matter what the crime was. That crime inflicted on them will change the way that person is and lives their life to some extent. The victim themselves or a family of a victim may not know the extent of the individuals crime until the trauma has been identified through intervention. During the intervention of a victim, problem and therapeutic intervention will take place, exploring the client’s coping strategies, and referrals to human resource agencies will also take place to help the victim recover from the crime. Problem and therapeutic intervention is also referred to as problem solving therapy and when it is put to use towards victims of a crime, the goal is to improve the victim’s ability to cope with the trauma that was inflicted upon them. Anyone can be a victim or witness of a crime, however, when a child is seen as a victim of a crime it can be on two ends of the spectrum. To elaborate, a child that is a victim of a crime may be overly questioned and protected after the trauma or they can be ignored and none of what they witnessed can be accounted for in the case against the offender. There must be a balance of this spectrum when it comes to victims or witnesses of a crime, especially when children are involved. There are a few innovative practices that should be followed when interviewing and getting a child ready for the court system. For example, â€Å"personnel trained in interviewing children [should] meetShow MoreRelatedVictims, Crime, And Crime Victims1579 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy of victims, especially crime victims, has created new categories of victims that had not been previously noted. What are typically known as â€Å"street crimes†, such as rape, robbery, murder, and assault, have been identified as crimes since the biblical era, and the victims of such crimes have long been identifiable (Karmen, 2013). It has been the advances in the field of Victimology, and the questions which have been asked, that have identified new types of crime, and with these new crimes, comeRead MoreCrime And The Victims Of Crime1627 Words   |  7 PagesAre those members of society who are most fearful of crime also most likely to become the victims of crime? Among society, there are many variances in people’s perceptions of safety and the threat of crime. This small essay will discuss whether members of society that are considered the most fearful of crime are accurate in their concerns and are also most likely to become victims of committed crimes. The fear of crime refers specifically to the fear and anxiety a person may feel resulting fromRead MoreThe Victims Of Crime And Crime Essay1767 Words   |  8 PagesA victim is defined as a person who has suffered physical or emotional harm, property damage, or economic loss as a result of a crime. A victim can be out of abuse, domestic violence, rape, assault or theft which always leaves victims devastated and with all kinds of experiences. When someone becomes a crime victim, everyone is affected by the crime, either as a direct victim or a friend or family member of a victim. Even individuals who are not direct victims of crime can be negatively affectedRead MoreVictims and Crime E valuation873 Words   |  4 PagesVictims and Crime Evaluation Victims and Crime Evaluation The role of the prosecutor A prosecutor is a law enforcement official who is the chief legal representative in the court systems in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecutor is responsible for representing the state, in presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law. Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degreeRead MoreJuveniles As A Victim Of A Crime Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesjuveniles can be a victim of a crime, or even a suspect in a crime, and it is necessary to learn how to effectively communicate with these individuals. Children and juveniles have a different language set, understanding of law, mindset, and even a different way of coping compared to their adult counterparts. Officers dealing with these younger persons need to understand the capacity of these children, and how to properly communicate with them. These children involved in crimes often will testifyRead MoreThe Effects Of Crime On The Victim Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesthe advances with DNA evidence among other things. Although the effects on the exonerated are more than substantial the victim is usually under represented. In 2013 the ICF International analyzed several cases to show impacts of crime on the victim and what goes on during an exoneration. Influences experienced during a crime can range from physical to psychological for a victim. Physical affects can range from gunshot wounds, broken bones, and lacerations that leave scares for the rest of his orRead MoreWomen as Victims of Crime1823 Words   |  8 PagesWomen as Victims of Crimes Elisha M. Snead Women in Crime April.24, 2012 Gender violence is a prevalent problem worldwide, touching all aspects of women’s lives from the home to the workplace to the street. Efforts to understand the nature global extent of violence against women are recent activism and building on gender violence is in a period of fast development. In this paper I will discuss what violence against women is, signs of abuse, I will also discuss the increasing violence againstRead MoreThe Victims Of Violent Crime1649 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Victims of violent crime experience extreme emotional distress, which is particularly intense for those who suffer serious physical injuries that require hospitalization. Unfortunately, most victims leave the hospital without receiving any services to reduce this distress or any information about crime victim compensation programs to which they may be entitled. Moreover, many victims do not participate in the judicial process because such participation would exacerbate the emotionalRead MoreIs Rape A Victim Of A Sexual Crime? Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pagesmake their victim more vulnerable and an easy target for rape. Purpose: To teach the audience why it is important to prosecute these type of cases. I. Introduction A. Rape is defined as, â€Å"the penetration no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.† (Editorial Board, 2016, P.21) B. It is important to know what measures can be used to lower your risk of becoming a victim of a sexualRead MoreEssay on Victim and Crime Evulation1159 Words   |  5 PagesVictim and Crime Evaluation Larry Fulse CJA /354 May 5, 2014 Joeseph Caulfield The Criminal Justice system today is our scale of judgment. It plays a major part in how we live and how we continue to live among all the dangers, evil and corruption that surrounds us. Without it there wouldn`t be the fine line of right and wrong, there wouldn`t be justice. Those that are considered victims in our criminal justice would turn and become the aggressors and the criminals if we didn`t have a

Friday, December 13, 2019

Ethical Leadership †Analysis Free Essays

Reader also used the â€Å"waiter rule† to explain that a lot can be said about a person’s character by the way they treat the waiter, which is much like the golden rule, treat others as you wish to be treated. This piece of advice relates to the business world, because professionals should respect one another, tell the truth, and conduct themselves in an ethical manner. Furthermore, Reader discussed the leadership and ethical leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Leadership – Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He described leadership as someone who inspires people to achieve a goal. He elaborated on this concept by stating that ethical leadership is when a person leads y Influencing their followers and use Input from the followers to shape goals and purposes. Moreover, an ethical leader should be consistent In both words and actions, lead by example, and can be referred to as a role model. These ethical leaders are extremely Important to employees. Reader shared some astounding statistics as to why employees need role models: 56% of employees personally observed misconduct and out of those who observed it, 42% did not report it. This shows that the tone at the top is extremely important in firms. If the management is more likely to behave unethically, then this attitude trickles down and negatively effects the ethical values of everyone in the company. In addition, he discussed how peer commitment is important. For example, most times, an employee will look to see what colleagues are doing in order to make a decision. This information relates to me professionally because I will be starting my career as an auditor soon and the attitudes and ethical culture of the company and my colleagues will definitely affect how I perform my Job. Reader also discussed how a leader can promote and ethical culture. These ten pieces of advice would definitely help me in a professional setting because at one mint I will be leading a group of people on an audit engagement. The first piece of advice is to walk the walk, which means that the leader needs to lead by example. Next, he states that the leader should keep people in the loop. This means that the leader needs to involve the employees and inform them on various changes and adjustments happening in the organization. Reader suggests that the leader should also encourage thoughtful dissent and show the employees that he/she truly cares. Furthermore, Reader states that in order to promote and ethical culture, the leader would not sweep problems under the rug, but should deal with each problem In an ethical manner. In Dalton, the leader should celebrate the successes In the organization and be fair to all employees. Also, the leader should make ethics a priority. Often times In the professional world, leaders behave ethically but do not truly make ethics a priority. Although sometimes difficult, leaders need to make tough the leader should â€Å"get the right people eon the bus and keep them,† which means that the leader should find employees that share the same ethical values and do whatever is possible to keep them on board. Overall, I think Reader provided some great examples and advice on ethics and ethical leadership. All of the examples and advice he discussed relate to a professional environment and especially auditing. Auditors do not have the best reputation because of unethical behaviors by professionals, like Arthur Andersen, in the past. Often times the auditing profession can really challenge and test an individual’s ethical and moral compass. However, Reader’s speech reminded me what I need do to make sure I maintain ethical relationships and become an ethical leader in my audit career. How to cite Ethical Leadership – Analysis, Essays

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Influenza Essay Example For Students

Influenza Essay Influenza, also known as the flu, is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is not as severe as many viral infections its almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100 to 103F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredness. There are sometimes other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually only in rare cases with young children. One other note: The term Stomach flu isnt really caused by the influenza virus. The average recovery time from the flu is about 1-2 weeks, although some patients do develop more severe complications such as pneumonia, which are capable of being life threatening. On average, influenza is associated with more than 20,000 deaths nationwide and more than 100,000 hospitalizations. These are usually from patients who develop complications and they are usually children or the elderly, although complications can develop at any age. There are three types of influenza viruses, Groups A, B, and C. Only Groups A and B are responsible for causing the epidemics of flu that occur almost every year. Influenza C is different in several ways because it causes mild to no symptoms and doesnt cause the yearly epidemics. Scientists put out most of their effort to control influenza A and B because of their huge impact on the nation and the world. Influenza type A viruses have two proteins that determine their specific type. Take Influenza A(H1N1) the H stands for hemagglutinin and the N stands for neuraminidase. The current types of Influenza A are A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and Influenza B strains are included in each years vaccines. Influenza A viruses are very hard to control because they undergo changes, making it harder for humans immune systems to detect them. There are two types of changes. The first is a series of mutations that occur over time and cause a gradual change in the virus. This is called antigenic drift. This process allows the virus to make a more stable change yet still evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic shift. It isnt as stable of a change but if it does make a successful and complete mutation it can become so deadly that another pandemic. Although Type A viruses undergo both types of changes, Type B only go through the more gradual Type B. Antigenic shift occurs only occasionally, but when it does large numbers of people or even entire populations have no antibody against the virus. Although this is potentially lethal, the virus can only start a pandemic if it is able to be spread easily. Throughout the 20th century there were three pandemics, one in 1918, one in 1957, and one in 1968. Each of which resulted in large numbers of deaths. The 1918 pandemic was known as the Spanish Flu and was Influenza strain A(H1N1) and it caused the highest known influenza death rate known, 500,000 Americans and 20 million people worldwide. The 1957 pandemic was known as the Asian Flu and was Influenza strain A(H2N2) and caused 70,000 U.S. deaths. The 1968 Pandemic was known as the Hong Kong Flu and was Influenza strain A(H3N2) and caused 34,000 deaths in the U.S. The emergence of the Hong Kong Flu in 1968-1969 marked the beginning of the A(H3N2) days. When this virus first emerged it had the lowest mortality rate in the 20th century. Although this virus first emerged with such a small death rate, it still continues to kill people to this day. Just as when the A(H2N2) virus appeared in 1957 causing the disappearance of the A(H1N1) virus, the appearance of the A(H2N3) virus caused the disappearance of the A(H2N2) virus. After being dormant for almost 30 years, the A(H1N1) virus reappeared and today the A(H1N1) virus and A(H2N3) viruses co-circulate each year along with a few different strains of Influenza Type B. .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f , .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .postImageUrl , .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f , .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f:hover , .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f:visited , .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f:active { border:0!important; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f:active , .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u586fc21225f8a76277cf2f7c2763a51f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stop The Deforestation EssayNow, to answer a few common questions about influenza. Q. If I am exposed to a person with Influenza and become infected, how soon will I get sick? Also, how long is a person contagious with Influenza?A. The time between infection and appearance of symptoms (incubation period) for influenza can range between 1 and 4 days. A person with influenza can be contagious 1 day before symptoms appear and for 3 to 7 days after onset of symptoms. Children can be contagious for longer than 7 days. Q. Can I be vaccinated against pneumonia, the complication of influenza infection?A. A vaccine is available to prevent some types of pneumonia, especially those caused by bacteria in the pneumococcus family. You should be vaccinated if you are in a group for which the vaccine is recommended. These groups are usually about the same as the groups that are recommended for the Influenza vaccine. Q. I would like to receive an influenza vaccine but how effective are they really?A. In the years when there is a good match between the vaccine virus and the virus strain causing illness, influenza vaccine is generally considered to be 70% to 90% effective in preventing influenza illness in healthy adults. Influenza vaccine is quite a bit less effective in preventing respiratory illness in the elderly, but is still about 50% to 80% effective at preventing complications from influenza infection. It is very important to know that for a person to develop protection against infection. (One additional note: Influenza vaccine does not protect against respiratory illness caused by other viruses.)Q. Is the Influenza vaccine safe? If so what are the side effects if any?A. The Influenza vaccine in Most cases is safe. People with severe allergic reactions to eggs should not receive Influenza vaccines, since the vaccine is prepared from influenza grown in eggs. The most common side effect is mi ld soreness at the injection site. Serious side effects such as such as life-threatening allergic reactions or Guilain-Barre syndrome are rare (fewer than 1to 2 cases per million vaccine recipients). Although the virus will continue to change and we will continue to try to defeat it, we never will. Just in the past three years two new strains have been discovered but were isolated and wiped out quickly. Maybe next time we wont be so lucky but maybe we will. After all, its only the flu and humans didnt get this far by worrying about it. Works Cited (I did it in MLA Format so be happy):PReferences:Influenza A(H5N1). Who.gov. Online. January, 1998. Isolation of Avian Influenza A(H5N10 Viruses from Humans. CDC.Gov. Online. Hong Kong, May-December, 1997. Larson, Erik. The Flu Hunters. TIME. February 23, 1998. Britannica.com. Simao, Paul. Flu Season. Rueters. Thursday March 22, 2001. Britannica.com. Stannard, Linda M. Influenza Virus. 1995. Uct.ac.za. By Grant WadeApril 22, 2001Fayetteville, ArkansasEmail me at emailprotected if you use this paper please.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Business Studies (Unit 2) Essays - Marketing, Economy, Business

Business Studies (Unit 2) Measuring Workforce Performance Businesses use three main performance indicators to measure the effectiveness of a workforce . These are: Labour Productivity Absenteeism and Labour Turnover Low productivity and high labour turnove r/absenteeism may imply that a business is under poor management. Businesses should compare these figures over time to look for trend s instead of just examining data from one year or one day. They should then compare the data with industry averages to see if they are having problems . Labour Productivity Productivity is the ou tput per worker over a certain period of time. Measuring productivity is relatively easy in the manufacturing industry because the number of products can be counted, but businesses that offer services struggle to calculate it (eg: hospitals). Labour Productivity does not always come down to who works the hardest . Modern equipment should speed up production and therefore increase productivity. Not all businesses can afford top machinery though, so b etter maintenance, extra shifts and small changes in Kaizen groups may help . A skilled and well-trained workforce may also increase Productivity by producing more at a faster rate, whilst making fewer mistakes. M otivated workers are also more likely to produce more than un-motivated ones. Labour Turnover Labour Turnover is the amount of staf f leaving a business . The formula for calculating Labour Turnover is : Staff leaving per year / average number of staff * 100 = % Turnover Rate If the Labour Turnover rate is increasing, it may be a sign of workforce dissatisfaction. If this is the case, the business should look at whether the causes or internal or external. There are some examples below Internal External Poor leadership More local vacancies Wages are too low Better wages Businesses should make sure they get the right balance of Labour Turnover so that they can enjoy the positive benefits of losing staff without suffering the negative consequences too. Positive Negative New workers bring in new ideas and enthusiasm Additional costs of recruitment and selection New workers are employed with needed skills Additional costs of training new staff There are new ways of solving problems A loss of productivity while new staff settle in Absenteeism As well as Labour Turnover, Workforce Absenteeism can be a good indicator of satisfaction. It can be calculated with the following formula Average numb er of staff absent per day / total number of staff * 100 = % Absenteeism Like with Labour Turnover, businesses should look for trends in Absenteeism instead of focusing on one day. Organisational Structures An organisational structure is the formal way that the manage ment of a business is organised . I t is often presented as a diagram and shows who is in charge of whom. In the early stage of a business, it is not usu ally necessary to have an organisational structure as most of the day-to-day decisions are carried out by the owners. However, as a business grows more people be come involved, so there is a need for a formal structure which shows the roles and responsibilities of each employee. The Level of Hierarchy shows the number of different levels between the top and bottom of the workforce. -26670047688500 The Span of Control refers to the number of people directly under the supervision of one manager . The blue employee on the second row of the Narrow Span of Control is accountable for at least 2 others, so for this business the Span of Control is at least 2. In the wider diagram the Span of Control is at least 5. Advantages (Narrow) D isadvantages (Narrow) Allows close control and managerial supervision Staff may feel over-supervised and untrusted Communication can be good between small teams It may drive away enterprising staff Those at the lower end of the hierarchy have good career prospects in terms of promotions Communication may be slow as there ar e more levels of hierarchy (delayed decisions ) Advantages (Wide) Disadvantages (Wide) Staff are able to make moderate decisions Lower hierarchy workers may become stressed Less management means less overhead costs Managers may feel a loss of power The Chain of Command is the reporting system from the top to

Monday, November 25, 2019

Learning to Be Depressed Essays

Learning to Be Depressed Essays Learning to Be Depressed Paper Learning to Be Depressed Paper Learning to be Depressed Sarah Robertson General Psychology Dr. Melissa Gebbia 12/10/10 Throughout life we all have different experiences whether they be positive or negative. Our hope is that if an experience is negatively affecting us we ourselves have an ability to change it. Generally, most people expect that the outcome of an event is dependent on their actions and that if they behave a certain way, a certain desirable outcome will be produced. This leads us to believe that we have control over what happens to us. This idea is all based on our beliefs of control and power in previous experiences and using them in our everyday life. If we lack personal power or experienced a lack of control in the past, we are then more likely to feel helplessness when approaching new experiences. Martin Seligman, a behavioral psychologist, theorized that our perceptions of power and control are learned from experience (Seligman, 1975). Seligman believed that if someone continually tries to exert force on a situation and fails repeatedly, the individual will stop attempting to exert control all together and may generalize the perception of lack of control to all future situations. He studied this behavioral pattern with dogs as subjects at the University of Pennsylvania (Seligman, 1975). While conducting an experiment on learning, Seligman noticed a surprising conclusion with his dogs. In his original experiment, he exposed the dogs to electrical shocks that they could not control nor escape from. It was demonstrated later on that when there is an escape easily accessed they still failed to escape the shock. This test consisted of a shuttle box which was split in half by a divider. The electricity was only run through one side of the box forcing the dog to escape the shock by jumping over the divider. This behavior is normally learned quickly because it would help the dogs adapt in a real situation. This escape-avoidance behavior should occur even more rapidly when there is a signal to warn the animals of the impending shock so that they can avoid it completely. However, this assumption was proven wrong when Seligman’s dogs who were shocked initially and couldn’t escape, could not escape in the shuttle box (Hock, 1995). His hypothesis now was that the dogs had learned that they were able to control the unwanted stimulus and that control or lack thereof, determined their future experiences. To further research this belief, Seligman and Maier (1995) studied the effect of controllable versus uncontrollable shock on later ability to learn to avoid shock (p. 244). They used 24 dogs, 15-19 inches high at the shoulder and weighting between 25 and 29 pounds. These animals were then separated into three groups of eight dogs, one an escape group, one a no-escape group and one a control group. The dogs were initially placed in harnesses that kept them restrained but not completely unable to move. The dog’s head was held in place with a panel on each side. To move the panel all the dog would have to do is move his head and the same applied for when the electrical shock was administered. As the shocks continued all the dog would have to do is move his head to eliminate them, and learn this behavior for the future (Hock, 1995). The no-escape dogs however, where not as lucky. When the shock was administered to them, no matter what they did the shock continued, teaching them that they had no control over the shocks. The control group of dogs received no shocks at this point. The groups receiving shocks received a total of 64 in a 90-second interval. After one day, all the dogs were placed in shuttle boxes, with lights as 10-second indicators of the impending 60-second shock. The dog could escape the shock completely if he learned to jump over the barrier in those 10 seconds (Hock, 1995). Seligman found that the dogs who were given an escape, easily did so and their times decreased over the 64 shocks. Whereas, the no-escape dogs stopped pressing the panel completely after 30 shocks. This proved that the dogs did learn from their previous experience in the harnesses. Although there were a few dogs from the no-escape group that did jump over the divider, they gave up when they were shocked again. Seligman believed that the dogs reverted to helplessness because their previous learning that their behavior is ineffective prevented the formation of new behaviors, even after successful experience. Likewise for the escape group, their previous learned behavior was tested when they were switched into a no-escape situation. With this, the dogs who were taught to escape would continue and fight even after continuously failing. This demonstrates that there is growth after being subjected to a traumatic event (D’Andrea et al. , 2008). This supports Seligman’s belief that if you are successful in controlling aspects of your life, then in new situations you will try again to have power and that failure is just a temporary setback. Whereas, no-escape dogs view failure as a long-lasting issue and this leads them to undermine anything and everything they do (Seligman, 1975). A recent study that was very similar to Seligman’s was conducted by Elizabeth McLaughlin, Marie-josee Lefaivre and Elizabeth Cummings. They wanted to test the idea of learned helplessness with adolescents with type 1 diabetes. McLaughlin, Lefaivre and Cummings questioned if adolescents with type 1 diabetes would be more at risk for learned helplessness than their healthier peers (p. 405-414). They had 70 participants, 40 females and 30 males all who were in-between the ages of 13-17. The experiment was tested with self-reports of personality along with Behavior Assessment System for Children. They spilt the participants in to three groups like Seligman, one group completed a solvable formation task while the other had an unsolvable task and then there was the control group. On the first test, the individuals with diabetes in the unsolvable task group proved to be no less helpless than the control group. This experiment-induced helplessness was then tested by initially completing pre and post-task performance and attribution ratings. They were then given two sets of anagrams-solving tasks to determine if perceived helplessness on the first task would negatively have an impact on performance on the second, which it did not (Cummings et al. , 2010). Though their study was similar to Seligman’s, it had its distinct differences as well. First, their subjects were human and not canine. Second and most importantly was that their   study was based on induced helplessness, not learned helplessness. Martin Seligman’s experiment was an integral step in behavior psychology because when dealing with depression it was thought that things would not change. With his findings he realized not only that helplessness was learned, but that with enough reinforcement and preventive action it can be avoided. So now all those people in our lives who we sit and think about; â€Å"Gosh, why are they still in that situation? † or â€Å"why is she still with him? †, demonstrate a lack of control and power. Our perceptions of power and control over situations can either strengthen our own character or send us into a downward spiral, and I know for myself that I won’t land in the latter half. References Bjarehed, J. , Sarkohi, A. , Andersson, G. (2010). Less positive or more negative? Future-directed thinking in mild to moderate depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39(1), 37-45. Clark, R. (2004). The Classical Origins of Pavlovs Conditioning. Integrative Physiological Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294. Hock, R. R. (1995). Forty studies that changed psychology: exploration into the history of psychological research. Englewood Cliffs (N. J. ): Prentice Hall. McLaughlin, E. , Lefaivre, M. , Cummings, E. (2010). Experimentally-induced learned helplessness in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(4), 405-414. Peterson, C. , Park, N. , Pole, N. , DAndrea, W. , Seligman, M. (2008). Strengths of character and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 214-217. Rothbaum, F. , Morling, B. , Rusk, N. (2009). How goals and beliefs lead people into and out of depression. Review of General Psychology, 13(4), 302-314. Seligman, M. (1975) Helplessness: on depression, development, and death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Class assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class - Assignment Example It should be remembered that our most important priority is our cattle and we do not make mistakes in supplementing their diet appropriately. Also, when all taxes are paid to government, private ranchers should be allowed to use public lands. The best management plan for the gray wolf population should be based on recovering this precious species. The plan should essentially seek to recover or protect the gray wolf population which is already endangered. However, a good management plan must not override the interests of the local ranchers. Conflicts with cattle and influence of the gray wolf population on rest of the wildlife species must not be forgotten. The need of the time is to use a balanced approach which benefits both the gray wolf population and the ranchers and their livestock. The plan should seek to sustain the gray wolf population in a manner that it does not jeopardize the ranchers’ objectives, while also reducing impacts on other animals. I would advise Californian officials to remember the core objectives of their wolf management plan when wolves do get established in the state. This will help them to address ranchers’ concerns in addition to effectively protecting the wolves. It is also important to create such opportunities which promote recreational uses of gray wolves. Of course, such recreational use should be in line with the official plans. In order to help guide the thinking and actions of California’s officials, I will also advise them to strictly control people and animal species in areas where the possibility of wolf predation is high. In order to make California’s officials ease their planned wolf reintroduction program, I will like to say from the viewpoint of a rancher that reintroduction of wolves in Idaho has served to create more damage than restoration of any animal species. There is much controversy over wolf reintroduction here in Idaho and one of the primary reasons for this controversy is